Fault lines in southern ca - Southern California Weather Force has issued an Earthquake Watch effective now through February 8th for the chance of a stronger earthquake occurring on the San Andreas or San Jacinto Fault Zoon. At 10:55am Pacific Time on January 5th, 2024, a magnitude 4.2 earthquake occurred along the junction point of the San Andreas and San Jacinto Fault zones.

 
Our geochronology is used to calculate rapid long-term reverse fault slip rates of 8.6−12.6 mm yr−1 since ca. 1.0 Ma for the San Cayetano fault and 1.3−3.0 mm yr−1 since ca. 1.0 Ma for the .... 1801 grant st tampa fl

An online map of faults (Quaternary Fault and Fold Database of the United States) that includes California is in the Faults section of the Earthquake Hazards Program website. Choose the Interactive Fault Map, or download KML files and GIS shapefiles from the links on the page.This offshore southern California map shows active faults (lines) and earthquakes since 1933 that were larger than magnitude 5 (circles). Sources/Usage Public Domain.A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an …The most significant faults within the plate boundary in central and northern California include the San Andreas, San Gregorio-Hosgri, and Hayward-Rodgers Creek fault zones. Each of these fault zones has important offshore sections that, until recently, were not mapped in great detail. For 300 kilometers between Pacifica and Cape …October 2, 2015 4:00 AM EDT. T his year's hottest Hollywood hit played out like any typical disaster thriller. The entire state of California was literally ripped apart, with chunks of the ...GMC vehicles are produced by General Motors. GMC specializes in sport utility vehicles, trucks and vans. If your GMC vehicle sets off a fault code, also known as a check-engine cod...A magnitude 7.4 quake along the fault could cause considerable shaking, said Kim Blisniuk, a geology professor at San Jose State University, who did not participate in this study. The fault is ...These Twin Faults in California Are Actually One 'Mega Fault', And That's a Problem. Environment 28 March 2017. By Fiona MacDonald. California Geological Survey/Google Maps. Researchers have discovered that what they previously assumed were two separate fault zones below southern California are in fact part of one very intimidating 'mega fault ...LENGTH: 210 km, including Coyote Creek fault. NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Lytle Creek, San Bernardino, Loma Linda, San Jacinto, Hemet, Anza, Borrego Springs, Ocotillo Wells. MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: within the last few centuries; April 9, 1968, Mw6.5 on Coyote Creek segment. SLIP RATE: typically between 7 and 17 mm/yr.Nov 7, 2019 ... A University of Iowa-led study found that two earthquakes in Southern California last summer triggered creep on the Garlock Fault Line. William+ ...USA TODAY. 0:00. 1:13. Southern California could be in for some serious shaking. Scientists uncovered a newly identified fault line that could unleash a magnitude-7.4 earthquake in the region ...The article’s researchers speculated that the Salton Trough Fault might be postponing a devastating earthquake, like the long-predicted “big one,” in Southern California. The San Andreas Fault typically erupts in a major quake every 175-200 years. The last major earthquake from the Salton Trough fault was 300 years ago.Additional publication details. The Murrieta quadrangle is located in the northern part of the Peninsular Ranges Province and includes parts of two structural blocks, or structural subdivisions of the province. The quadrangle is diagonally crossed by the active Elsinore fault zone, a major fault zone of the San Andreas fault system, and ...Additional publication details. The Murrieta quadrangle is located in the northern part of the Peninsular Ranges Province and includes parts of two structural blocks, or structural subdivisions of the province. The quadrangle is diagonally crossed by the active Elsinore fault zone, a major fault zone of the San Andreas fault system, and ...The Quake Tracker displays quakes from the past 30 days with magnitudes above 3.0 in Northern California, 4.0 in Southern California, 5.0 in the United States, and 7.0 in North America. Quakes ...GOLDEN, Colo. - Nearly 75 percent of the U.S. could experience damaging earthquake shaking, according to a recent U.S. Geological Survey-led team of 50+ scientists and engineers. This was one of several key findings from the latest USGS National Seismic Hazard Model (NSHM). The model was used to create a color-coded map that pinpoints where damaging earthquakes are most likely to occur based ...The Mendocino Fracture Zone between the Gorda Plate and Pacific Plate. The Mendocino Fracture Zone is a fracture zone and transform boundary over 4000 km (2500 miles) long, starting off the coast of Cape Mendocino in far northern California.It runs westward from a triple junction with the San Andreas Fault and the Cascadia subduction zone to the southern end of the Gorda Ridge.Feb 25, 2023 ... Stadiums in Southern California are also located either under or near fault lines. In Los Angeles, the Elysian Park Fault is under Dodger ...The Hayward Fault has ruptured about every 140 years for its previous five large earthquakes. The probability of a magnitude-6.7 earthquake on the Hayward Fault is 30 percent in the next 30 years ...479 × 387 • 16 KB • JPG. The red line on this map of southern California is the San Andreas fault. Other lines represent other active faults some of which lie beneath urban centers. The San Andreas fault passes through the cities of San Bernardino, Lancaster, Palmdale, and only 3 miles from San Francisco. Los Angeles also has active faults.Hill (1928 #4959) first mapped the fault and named it the Pinto Mountain fault. Later workers have referred to the fault variously as the Pinto fault (Miller, 1938 #6684), the Warrens Well fault (Hill and Dibblee, 1953 #923), and the Base Line fault (Hewett, 1955 #6681). Allen (1957 #4787) first recognized that a branch of the Pinto Mountain ...Fault Activity Map of California (2010) To provide information for those concerned with land use on or near geologic faults in California.Twenty-seven years after the 1886 Charleston earthquake and subsequent after shocks, another strong earthquake occurred in South Carolina. This quake was on the afternoon of January 1, 1913, at 1:28 p.m. near the town of Union in Union County with an estimated magnitude of 5.5 (Figure 1). Shock waves moved out from the western portion of South ...In California, the known active surface faults are classified in the 1997 Uniform Building Code as A faults, B faults and C faults. An A fault is the most destructive and a C fault is the least destructive. Only the A and B faults are included in the probabilistic maps. The slip rate and maximum magnitude of earthquakes associated with a fault ...University of WashingtonThe Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) is a massive fault line stretching from Vancouver Island to Northern California—and it's the source of the vast majority of earthquakes and tsunamis in the region. In fact, scientists believe that the fault line will likely be the source of the next Big One, an anticipated megathrust earthquake so powerful it'll wreak death and ...Our geochronology is used to calculate rapid long-term reverse fault slip rates of 8.6−12.6 mm yr−1 since ca. 1.0 Ma for the San Cayetano fault and 1.3−3.0 mm yr−1 since ca. 1.0 Ma for the ...NorCal vs. SoCal. The San Andreas Fault is about 800 miles long (1,287 kilometers), stretching from the Mendocino coast south to the San Bernardino Mountains and the Salton Sea. Geologists divide ...The Mission Creek and Banning faults are two of the principal strands of the San Andreas fault zone in the northern Coachella Valley of southern California. Structural characteristics of the faults affect both regional earthquake hazards and local groundwater resources. We use seismic, gravity, and geological data to characterize the San Andreas fault zone in the vicinity of Desert Hot Springs.The article’s researchers speculated that the Salton Trough Fault might be postponing a devastating earthquake, like the long-predicted “big one,” in Southern California. The San Andreas Fault typically erupts in a major quake every 175-200 years. The last major earthquake from the Salton Trough fault was 300 years ago.Interactive map of fault activity in California. The California Geological Survey's interactive map allows users to identify the location and classification of faults throughout California. Information available includes the age of the most recent activity on each fault segment, surface rupture areas, and whether or not the faults are visible ...• Pleito Fault (Grapevine - Interstate 5, Wheeler Ridge) • Raymond Hill Fault (San Marino, Arcadia, South Pasadena) • Redondo Canyon Fault (Palos Verdes Estates, Redondo Beach) • Rinconada Fault (Paso Robles, Santa Margarita) • San Andreas Fault (Parkfield, Frazier Park, Palmdale, Wrightwood, San Bernardino, Banning, Indio)Mario Tama/Getty Images. The Ridgecrest earthquakes that struck Southern California last July may have increased the chances of a large quake along the San Andreas fault, new research shows. The ...Cascadia. The Cascadia subduction zone extends from northern California to southern British Columbia, from well offshore to eastern Washington and Oregon. It contains many features of a textbook subduction zone, with the exception of having extraordinarily low earthquake rates. Seven of its volcanoes have erupted since the start of the 18th ...FAIRFIELD — Three fault segments running beneath Northern California and its roughly 15 million people are overdue for a major earthquake, including one section that lies near the dams and canals that supply much of the state's water, according to a geological study published Monday.Current Earthquake Information. Fault trace visible as a line of trees above the orange grove east of Hemet, CA along State 74. While most of the major fault lines have some surface expression here, there are many that do not. These faults can also produce large earthquakes, such as the M6.7 Reseda/Northridge Earthquake of January 17, 1994.The Elsinore fault zone is one of the largest in southern California, and in historical times, has been one of the quietest. The southeastern extension of the Elsinore fault zone, the Laguna Salada fault, ruptured in 1892 in a magnitude 7 quake, but the main trace of the Elsinore fault zone has only seen one historical event greater than ...Nature Reporter. Earthquakes triggered by the notorious San Andreas Fault in California may have been triggered by an ancient rising lake, a study has found. The San Andreas Fault is the border ...Reporter Barrett Newkirk can be reached at (760)778-4767, [email protected] or on Twitter @barrettnewkirk. Scientists say they've discovered a new Southern California fault line ...The NASA study says the entire fault is about 217 miles long. The magnitude 7.2 earthquake caused severe damage in the Mexican city of Mexicali and was felt throughout Southern California. This ...California Department of Conservation. Fault lines across San Diego county are shown on the state's Fault Activity Map of California, Sept. 23, 2021. Maps released Thursday of earthquake-prone ...Explore the fault activity map of California with this ArcGIS web application. Find data, charts and thematic maps of seismic hazards and risks.Ground shaking is the most powerful predictor of damage from an earthquake. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Seismic Hazard Map shows the strength of ground shaking that has a 1 in 50 chance of being exceeded in a particular place in the lower 48 states over a period of 50 years. These maps are used in determining building seismic codes, insurance rates, and other public decisions ...Southern California. Four EDM networks located in Southern California show strain accumulation on the San Andreas fault system in this region. This map shows the locations of 4 two-color EDM (Electronic Distance Meter) networks in Southern California. These networks are radial with approximately 12 baselines using a common, central station.The USGS created a new offshore fault map for Southern California. The map shows an active connection between the San Pedro Basin fault and the San Diego Trough fault, previously thought to be separate faults. This continuous fault extends 260 kilometers, from offshore Santa Monica into Mexico, and is one of the longest faults in Southern ...LENGTH: 210 km, including Coyote Creek fault. NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Lytle Creek, San Bernardino, Loma Linda, San Jacinto, Hemet, Anza, Borrego Springs, Ocotillo Wells. MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: within the last few centuries; April 9, 1968, Mw6.5 on Coyote Creek segment. SLIP RATE: typically between 7 and 17 mm/yr.In California, the known active surface faults are classified in the 1997 Uniform Building Code as A faults, B faults and C faults. An A fault is the most destructive and a C fault …The boundary between these two giant plates is the Queen Charlotte fault - Canada's equivalent of the San Andreas fault. Canada's largest historical earthquake- a magnitude 8.1, occurred along this fault on August 22, 1949. This earthquake, larger than the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, caused nearly a 500-km-long segment of the Queen …Detailed Description. Map of faults in southern California. Bold numbers show the average time between big earthquakes, determined at paleoseismic sites (triangles). Thick red lines show the extent of historic ruptures. Esri, HERE, Garmin, FAO, NOAA, USGS, EPA | California Geological Survey, C.W. Jennings, W.A. Bryant | South of the San Andreas fault and along the central California coast, the omission of the majority of the forearc basin strata and the juxtaposition of Nacimiento block subduction complex and Salinian block arc rocks across the enigmatic Sur-Nacimiento fault (Dickinson, 1983; Hall, 1991; Hall and Saleeby, 2013; Jacobson et al., 2011; Page, 1972, 1970) serve as a reminder of the complexity of ...Fault Lines details how science and health misinformation can proliferate and its impacts on individuals, communities, and society. It explores what makes us susceptible to misinformation and how we might use these insights to improve societal resilience to it. The report includes a model of the impacts of COVID‑19 misinformation on ...Detailed Description. Shaded relief map of the Mojave Desert Region, made by draping 1 arc second SRTM elevation data over a hillside of the same topography. Light blue lines show faults of the USGS Quaternary fault database. Dark blue lines show faults identified and described in 1:100k scale geologic mapping completed by previous project efforts.San Andreas Fault Line Map. The California Earthquake Authority wrote on their website that the San Andreas Fault line is one of the largest in the world that runs more than 800 miles from the ...FAULT INVOLVED: unidentified south-dipping fault; may be part of the San Diego Trough fault zone, Palos Verdes-Coronado Bank fault zone, or possibly some system connecting the two. At least twenty-nine injuries and one death are attributed to the 1986 Oceanside earthquake, the epicenter of which was located offshore, beneath the Pacific Ocean.The genesis of this law was the 1971 Silmar earthquake in Southern California, "where a veterans hospital was right on top of a fault," agency spokesman Don Drysdale said.The most common map types are: Road Maps: These are the most familiar kind of map, the kind that you have in your car. They are base maps with cities, counties, state boundaries, cities and roads. Topographic Maps: Base maps with elevation contours. Geologic Maps: Base maps with surface rock types, elevation contours, faults, rivers, lakes ...Faults of Southern California. Los Angeles Region. This map covers most of the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Within this map area, most every kind of fault type can be found. Indeed, since these maps show only surface traces of faults, some potentially damaging faults -- namely, blind thrust faults, like the one which caused the Northridge ...And police arrested nearly 100 protesters at the University of Southern California. 52 Posts. Sort by 2:05 a.m. ET, April 25, 2024. Our live coverage of the … Below is a map of Southern California to display significant earthquakes and faults. The fault traces are shown in red. This is an interactive map. To toggle detailed instructions on how to use the map and its associated control panel, click the informtation button ("i") to the right. A link to the glossary can also be found there. NEARBY COMMUNITIES: San Fernando, Sunland. MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: February 9, 1971, M w 6.6. SLIP RATE: 5 mm/yr (?) INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: roughly 200 years. PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: M W 6.0 - 6.8. OTHER NOTES: Dip is to the north. The slip rate is not well known, but trenching studies indicate recurrance interval as between 100 and ...Active Fault Based on Location. Double Click a Place on the Map. Hit on the Active Fault Nearest You option. Doing this will require you to select the province, municipality, and the barangay you belong to. Then, it will trace the nearest fault line from your location. Read: Guide: How to Prepare for a Deadly Typhoon.An online map of faults (Quaternary Fault and Fold Database of the United States) that includes California is in the Faults section of the Earthquake Hazards Program website. Choose the Interactive Fault Map, or download KML files and GIS shapefiles from the links on the page.The Ridgecrest earthquake in July was the strongest to strike southern California in 20 years. The main quake, compounded with more than 100,000 aftershocks, caused a major fault to move for the ...Gorda-California-Nevada. Plaque showing location of San Andreas Fault in San Mateo County. The San Andreas Fault is a continental right-lateral strike-slip transform fault that extends roughly 1,200 kilometers (750 mi) through the U.S. state of California. [1] It forms part of the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North ...DOC Maps: Geologic Hazards. The California Geological Survey, a division within the California Department of Conservation, provides data and analysis of California's seismic and geologic hazards. These hazards include earth shaking (strong motion), fault ruptures, landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis as well as mineral hazards such as radon ...The above-mentioned Garlock fault is a left-lateral strike-slip fault. Renowned earthquake scientist, Dr. Lucy Jones tweeted recently that a small, Southern California earthquake in September 2022, called the Mira Loma earthquake, appeared to be a left-lateral fault. "Today's Mira Loma quake is a very standard SoCal quake.The bulging of the Garlock fault line in California can be seen from space and it's moving in ways never seen before, raising the question for Californians if it raises the risk of "The Big One."The Mother Lode gold-quartz veins and deposits also change in character from south to north, reflecting the lithologic and structural changes along the Melones fault zone. In the southern and central districts, the veins are in brittle faults which cut the serpentinite-hosted melange and its footwall or hanging wall.The map below shows all recorded seismic events that have occurred in southern California in the years from 1932 through 1996, each quake represented by a single red pixel (many overlap). Plotted for reference on the background are the surface traces of the major faults in the area (shown as light blue-green lines -- the most prominent being ...The Sierra Madre Fault Zone highlighted in red. Situated at the boundary to the San Gabriel Valley and San Fernando Valley, the Sierra Madre Fault Zone (also known as the Sierra Madre-Cucamonga Fault) runs along the southern edge of the San Gabriel Mountains for a total of 95 kilometers (59 mi), where the northwesternmost 19 km (12 mi) comprises the San Fernando Fault (the section responsible ...Sep 5, 2012 · View Document. The map depicts both active and inactive faults and earthquakes magnitude 1.5 to 7.3 in southern California (1970–2010). The bathymetry was generated from digital files from the California Department of Fish And Game, Marine Region, Coastal Bathymetry Project. Elevation data are from the U.S. Geological Survey National ... The New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) (/ ˈ m æ d r ɪ d /), sometimes called the New Madrid Fault Line, is a major seismic zone and a prolific source of intraplate earthquakes (earthquakes within a tectonic plate) in the Southern and Midwestern United States, stretching to the southwest from New Madrid, Missouri.. The New Madrid fault system was responsible for the 1811-12 New Madrid ...The San Andreas Fault is the sliding boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. It slices California in two from Cape Mendocino to the Mexican border. …DOC Maps: Geologic Hazards. The California Geological Survey, a division within the California Department of Conservation, provides data and analysis of California's seismic and geologic hazards. These hazards include earth shaking (strong motion), fault ruptures, landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis as well as mineral hazards such as radon ...The most common map types are: Road Maps: These are the most familiar kind of map, the kind that you have in your car. They are base maps with cities, counties, state boundaries, cities and roads. Topographic Maps: Base maps with elevation contours. Geologic Maps: Base maps with surface rock types, elevation contours, faults, rivers, lakes ...The above-mentioned Garlock fault is a left-lateral strike-slip fault. Renowned earthquake scientist, Dr. Lucy Jones tweeted recently that a small, Southern California earthquake in September 2022, called the Mira Loma earthquake, appeared to be a left-lateral fault. “Today’s Mira Loma quake is a very standard SoCal quake.In “Earthquake Country,” California’s three major fault lines—the San Andreas, the Hayward and San Jacinto—have experienced an unusually calm century of inactivity, a new study shows. Of ...Step 2. The number of earthquakes, both low and high magnitude, was nor-malized by the length of the fault line for each major fault in Southern California. From this, a list was made for both high and low magni-tude events. The top 20 most-active fault lines was determined by. combining the two lists.Southern California is a popular destination for those looking to settle down in a new home. With its beautiful weather, diverse culture, and thriving job market, it’s no wonder th...Sep 23, 2021 ... Two maps of revised Earthquake Fault Zones have been prepared for the Rose Canyon Fault where it comes onshore on Coronado Island and ...A fault system running nearly 70 miles along the coast of Los Angeles and Orange counties has the potential to trigger a magnitude 7.8 earthquake, according to a new study that is the latest to highlight the seismic threats facing Southern California. Known as the Palos Verdes fault zone, the system runs deep beneath the Palos Verdes Peninsula.Southern California consists of two of Earth’s plates (the Pacific and North American plates) moving past each other. The boundary between the two plates is quite crooked. Heavy red lines indicate the San Andreas and related faults.By Julia Zorthian. October 6, 2016 11:22 AM EDT. R esearchers said they have found a new, underwater fault line in southern California that runs along the Salton Sea and parallel to the San ...FAIRFIELD — Three fault segments running beneath Northern California and its roughly 15 million people are overdue for a major earthquake, including one section that lies near the dams and canals that supply much of the state's water, according to a geological study published Monday.

Feb 25, 2023 ... Stadiums in Southern California are also located either under or near fault lines. In Los Angeles, the Elysian Park Fault is under Dodger .... Lancaster kaiser pharmacy hours

fault lines in southern ca

A new study discovered the Newport-Inglewood and Rose Canyon faults, the majority of which are just off the coast of Southern California, are really just one continuous fault system. And it's capable of producing an up to 7.4 magnitude earthquake. The fault runs from Los Angeles to San Diego, and while its mostly underwater, the maximum ...Credit: Tectonics (2023). DOI: 10.1029/2023TC008170. A team of geologists, mineralogists and Earth and ocean scientists affiliated with institutions in Canada, the U.S. and France has discovered a ...In "Earthquake Country," California's three major fault lines—the San Andreas, the Hayward and San Jacinto—have experienced an unusually calm century of inactivity, a new study shows. Of ...It turns out two separate faults in Southern California really aren't separate after all. A new study discovered the Newport-Inglewood and Rose Canyon faults, the majority of which are just off the coast of Southern California, are really just one continuous fault system.. And it's capable of producing an up to 7.4 magnitude earthquake.Detailed Description. Map of faults in southern California. Bold numbers show the average time between big earthquakes, determined at paleoseismic sites (triangles). Thick red lines show the extent of historic ruptures.The White Wolf Fault is the best known and largest fault to cut across the floor of the San Joaquin Valley. Its notoreity is due to the fact that movement along this fault was the cause of the 7.7 magnitude 1952 Bakersfield Earthquake, which most consider to be the third largest historic quake in California, after the 1857 Tejon and 1906 San Francisco quakes.California Department of Conservation. California Geological Survey. State of California.1:100,000, fault could be more discontinuous than continuous and mapping is accurate at <50,000 scale. 1:250,000, fault location may be inferred or is poorly constrained. Click on the fault lines for more information. Note* The earthquake faults are color coded by unique name and section not type. Data source: USGS.Researchers said they have found a new, underwater fault line in southern California that runs along the Salton Sea and parallel to the San Andreas Fault.. A study that examines the newly named Salton Trough Fault appeared in the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America this week.Researchers still need to determine the line's length and location before its danger can be fully ...Current Earthquake Information. Fault trace visible as a line of trees above the orange grove east of Hemet, CA along State 74. While most of the major fault lines have some surface expression here, there are many that do not. These faults can also produce large earthquakes, such as the M6.7 Reseda/Northridge Earthquake of January 17, 1994.Ground shaking is the most powerful predictor of damage from an earthquake. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Seismic Hazard Map shows the strength of ground shaking that has a 1 in 50 chance of being exceeded in a particular place in the lower 48 states over a period of 50 years. These maps are used in determining building seismic codes, insurance rates, and other public decisions ...The prominent linear feature straight down the center of this perspective view is California's famous San Andreas Fault. The image, created with data from NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), will be used by geologists studying fault dynamics and landforms resulting from active tectonics. This segment of the fault lies …The northwest trending Hosgri-San Gregorio fault zone extends along the central California coast for 400 km. We mapped a poorly known 64-km-long section of this important fault zone offshore of Big Sur between Piedras Blancas and Point Sur using high-resolution geophysical tools and methods.Earthquakes are shown as circles sized by magnitude (red, < 1 hour; blue, < 1 day, yellow, < 1 week). Click or tap on a circle to view more details about an earthquake, such as location, date/time, magnitude, and links to more information about the quake. Local time is the time of the earthquake in your computer's time zone.in Southern California. The San Andreas Fault Zone is a major structural and physiographic feature in California. Many features of the movement can be seen either on a geologic map or out in the field. ... Valley formed as a result of two parallel fault lines lifting mountains or ridges alongside a dropped down area, or the result of thousands ...Discover, analyze and download data from California State Geoportal. Download in CSV, KML, Zip, GeoJSON, GeoTIFF or PNG. Find API links for GeoServices, WMS, and WFS. Analyze with charts and thematic maps. Take the …Apr 27, 2022 · This offshore southern California map shows active faults (lines) and earthquakes since 1933 that were larger than magnitude 5 (circles). The USGS created a new offshore fault map for Southern California. The map shows an active connection between the San Pedro Basin fault and the San Diego Trough fault, previously thought to be separate faults. .

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